Richard Stallman charla SL
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1 00:00:11,123 --> 00:00:15,141 Free software is the first battle 2 00:00:15,141 --> 00:00:18,162 in the liberation of cyberspace. 3 00:00:18,163 --> 00:00:20,223 Who controls your computer? 4 00:00:20,245 --> 00:00:25,678 Is it you or is it some big company that's really controlling it? 5 00:00:25,774 --> 00:00:27,786 What is a computer? 6 00:00:27,790 --> 00:00:31,858 A computer is a universal machine. 7 00:00:31,873 --> 00:00:35,125 It will do any computation you want it to 8 00:00:35,125 --> 00:00:37,405 because you give it a program that says 9 00:00:37,439 --> 00:00:40,167 what the computation is that you want. 10 00:00:40,179 --> 00:00:43,982 The computer only knows how to get out an instruction and do it, 11 00:00:43,998 --> 00:00:46,358 and get out another instruction and do it. 12 00:00:46,358 --> 00:00:50,557 The program has the instructions, it says what to do. 13 00:00:50,612 --> 00:00:55,252 By writing the right program, you can make it do anything. 14 00:00:55,252 --> 00:00:57,665 Well, almost anything. 15 00:00:57,670 --> 00:01:00,698 Who gives the instructions to your computer? 16 00:01:00,728 --> 00:01:04,327 You might think it's obeying your instructions 17 00:01:04,355 --> 00:01:07,495 when really it's obeying somebody else first, 18 00:01:07,552 --> 00:01:13,953 and you only as much as that company will let it listen to you. 19 00:01:13,992 --> 00:01:16,049 With software, there are two possibilities: 20 00:01:16,093 --> 00:01:21,491 Either the users control the program, or the program controls the users. 21 00:01:21,492 --> 00:01:23,842 It's inevitably one or the other. 22 00:01:23,893 --> 00:01:27,092 In order for the users to control the program, 23 00:01:27,133 --> 00:01:30,920 they need the four essential freedoms. 24 00:01:30,920 --> 00:01:34,404 That's the definition of free software. 25 00:01:34,435 --> 00:01:38,355 Free software respects the user's freedom and community. 26 00:01:38,367 --> 00:01:42,394 Now, we often call it "Libre" using the French or Spanish word. 27 00:01:42,408 --> 00:01:45,716 Pronounce it as you like, the point is that's what we mean. 28 00:01:45,734 --> 00:01:48,798 We don't mean it's gratis, we're not talking about price. 29 00:01:48,799 --> 00:01:51,038 We're concerned with your freedom, 30 00:01:51,045 --> 00:01:55,554 and we sometimes say "Free/Libre" to show that. 31 00:01:55,575 --> 00:01:58,476 Freedom zero is the freedom to run the program 32 00:01:58,500 --> 00:02:01,239 as you wish for whatever purpose. 33 00:02:01,239 --> 00:02:05,357 Freedom one is the freedom to study the source code of the program 34 00:02:05,377 --> 00:02:09,717 and change it, so it does the computing you want it to do. 35 00:02:09,738 --> 00:02:11,449 But what is the source code? 36 00:02:11,465 --> 00:02:14,576 Every program typically will have two forms. 37 00:02:14,639 --> 00:02:18,390 There's the form that you can read, and you can understand 38 00:02:18,406 --> 00:02:20,485 if you know the programming language. 39 00:02:20,527 --> 00:02:21,929 That's the source. 40 00:02:21,949 --> 00:02:24,321 That's what programmers write and change. 41 00:02:24,342 --> 00:02:27,222 Then, there's the executable, which is a bunch of numbers 42 00:02:27,222 --> 00:02:29,583 which even a programmer can't figure out. 43 00:02:29,602 --> 00:02:31,583 If all you get is the executable, 44 00:02:31,594 --> 00:02:34,982 it's a horrible pain in the neck to the figure out what it does, 45 00:02:34,995 --> 00:02:36,866 and even harder to change it. 46 00:02:36,879 --> 00:02:41,069 So, to give you the real possibility to study and change it, 47 00:02:41,069 --> 00:02:42,941 they've got to give you the source code. 48 00:02:42,958 --> 00:02:44,621 That's a requirement. 49 00:02:44,629 --> 00:02:47,453 With those two freedoms, 50 00:02:47,464 --> 00:02:50,301 each user separately can make a copy 51 00:02:50,321 --> 00:02:54,091 and start changing it and make it do what she wants. 52 00:02:54,105 --> 00:02:56,746 That's individual control. 53 00:02:56,754 --> 00:02:58,914 But what if you're not a programmer? 54 00:02:58,922 --> 00:03:01,703 You look at the source code, and you don't understand it. 55 00:03:01,743 --> 00:03:04,783 Individual control isn't enough. 56 00:03:04,795 --> 00:03:06,962 We also need collective control, 57 00:03:06,975 --> 00:03:10,363 which means any group of users are free to work together 58 00:03:10,373 --> 00:03:12,914 to adapt the program to what they want. 59 00:03:12,929 --> 00:03:16,026 Of course, in the group, some of them are programmers. 60 00:03:16,049 --> 00:03:18,721 They're the ones who actually write the changes, 61 00:03:18,722 --> 00:03:20,839 but they're doing it as part of the group 62 00:03:20,859 --> 00:03:22,608 for what the group wants. 63 00:03:22,622 --> 00:03:25,388 Of course, the group doesn't have to be everybody. 64 00:03:25,409 --> 00:03:27,586 Others can use it some other way. 65 00:03:27,587 --> 00:03:30,131 They're all free to do that. 66 00:03:30,141 --> 00:03:33,501 Collective control requires two more essential freedoms. 67 00:03:33,505 --> 00:03:36,976 Freedom two is the freedom to redistribute exact copies, 68 00:03:36,976 --> 00:03:38,927 to make the copies and then give them away 69 00:03:38,946 --> 00:03:41,026 or sell them when you wish. 70 00:03:41,059 --> 00:03:43,012 Freedom three is similar, 71 00:03:43,035 --> 00:03:45,276 but it's for your modified versions. 72 00:03:45,300 --> 00:03:49,172 You're free to make copies, and then give them or sell them when you wish. 73 00:03:49,240 --> 00:03:52,202 If you do have these freedoms, then it's free software, 74 00:03:52,216 --> 00:03:54,093 the users control the program. 75 00:03:54,130 --> 00:03:56,785 But if any of those freedoms is missing, 76 00:03:56,819 --> 00:03:59,537 then the users don't control the program. 77 00:03:59,538 --> 00:04:05,580 Instead, the program controls the users and the developer controls the program. 78 00:04:05,594 --> 00:04:10,632 So, that means this program is an instrument of unjust power 79 00:04:10,680 --> 00:04:14,539 for its developer over the users. 80 00:04:14,563 --> 00:04:17,500 That means the users don't have freedom, 81 00:04:17,560 --> 00:04:21,797 that's non‑free, proprietary software which we've got to get rid of. 82 00:04:21,826 --> 00:04:25,262 When you've got proprietary software, what happens? 83 00:04:25,274 --> 00:04:29,102 Sometimes, the program snoops on the user. 84 00:04:29,154 --> 00:04:32,219 Sometimes, it tracks the user. 85 00:04:32,282 --> 00:04:35,235 Sometimes, it restricts the user, 86 00:04:35,261 --> 00:04:38,178 and stops users from doing what they want to do. 87 00:04:38,194 --> 00:04:41,297 You can see that the blue ray is your enemy. 88 00:04:41,315 --> 00:04:42,347 [Laughter] 89 00:04:42,365 --> 00:04:45,994 Sometimes, the software remotely deletes books 90 00:04:46,027 --> 00:04:49,115 as Amazon did with "Nineteen Eighty-Four". 91 00:04:49,139 --> 00:04:54,764 Sometimes, the developer compels users 92 00:04:54,848 --> 00:04:58,405 to install a harmful upgrade, 93 00:04:58,421 --> 00:05:01,529 by threatening to take away other functionality 94 00:05:01,555 --> 00:05:04,668 if it's not installed, as Sony did. 95 00:05:04,690 --> 00:05:09,443 Sometimes, they can even forcibly change the software at a distance 96 00:05:09,445 --> 00:05:14,631 as Microsoft can with Windows through the universal back door. 97 00:05:14,678 --> 00:05:18,175 Sometimes, they even sabotage users, 98 00:05:18,216 --> 00:05:23,370 as Microsoft does when it tells the NSA about bugs in Windows, 99 00:05:23,394 --> 00:05:26,673 so it can use them to attack people's computers. 100 00:05:26,691 --> 00:05:30,751 What you get is basically, with proprietary software, 101 00:05:30,771 --> 00:05:33,795 the owner has power over the users, 102 00:05:33,807 --> 00:05:36,034 and takes advantage of this power, 103 00:05:36,060 --> 00:05:39,906 putting in those various malicious functionalities 104 00:05:39,915 --> 00:05:41,937 to hurt the users. 105 00:05:41,951 --> 00:05:44,916 Of course, they don't do this because they're sadists; 106 00:05:44,940 --> 00:05:47,719 they're doing it just for money, for greed. 107 00:05:47,738 --> 00:05:51,111 They have various ways that they can profit 108 00:05:51,132 --> 00:05:53,759 from having this power over users, 109 00:05:53,794 --> 00:05:58,355 which does not make it even the tiniest bit less evil. 110 00:05:58,375 --> 00:06:00,253 But they have no shame about it. 111 00:06:00,260 --> 00:06:04,010 They have conferences where they talk about the latest ways 112 00:06:04,031 --> 00:06:08,374 they can take advantage of users through the power they have. 113 00:06:08,397 --> 00:06:11,077 Basically, proprietary software, 114 00:06:11,104 --> 00:06:15,823 which is now for almost all of the users of proprietary software, 115 00:06:15,841 --> 00:06:18,595 they're using proprietary malware. 116 00:06:18,613 --> 00:06:21,020 It's "software for suckers". 117 00:06:21,048 --> 00:06:24,812 How do you stop being the victim? 118 00:06:24,859 --> 00:06:28,931 Formerly, you had to stop using computers, but not anymore. 119 00:06:28,948 --> 00:06:34,265 Now, you can come join us in the free world that we've built. 120 00:06:34,290 --> 00:06:38,120 In 1983, I announced I would develop 121 00:06:38,172 --> 00:06:41,821 a completely free software operating system called GNU. 122 00:06:41,838 --> 00:06:45,415 In 1992, we had it almost finished, 123 00:06:45,439 --> 00:06:48,179 but one piece was missing, the kernel. 124 00:06:48,200 --> 00:06:52,546 Linus Torvalds, in that year, freed his kernel, Linux, 125 00:06:52,580 --> 00:06:55,188 which filled the last gap, and gave us 126 00:06:55,195 --> 00:07:00,045 the first complete system you could run on a PC: GNU/Linux. 127 00:07:00,079 --> 00:07:07,403 Unfortunately, having freedom at one point doesn't guarantee you'll keep it. 128 00:07:07,415 --> 00:07:11,408 There are over a thousand different variants of GNU/Linux. 129 00:07:11,430 --> 00:07:13,418 They're called distributions. 130 00:07:13,439 --> 00:07:16,279 A few of them are entirely free software; 131 00:07:16,279 --> 00:07:18,959 most of them have non‑free software added, 132 00:07:18,959 --> 00:07:22,584 because they're maintained by people who aren't concerned about freedom. 133 00:07:22,600 --> 00:07:26,860 They'd rather add convenience -- but at the cost of freedom. 134 00:07:26,879 --> 00:07:30,969 So you have to check which is a free distro. 135 00:07:30,984 --> 00:07:33,753 To keep your freedom, sometimes requires a sacrifice, 136 00:07:33,762 --> 00:07:37,728 sometimes a big sacrifice, as at Lexington. 137 00:07:37,760 --> 00:07:43,959 But in our campaign, they tend to be little sacrifices. 138 00:07:43,977 --> 00:07:48,337 Anybody with a little bit of maturity can make these sacrifices. 139 00:07:48,364 --> 00:07:52,681 For instance, you want applications, but some of them are non‑free. 140 00:07:52,699 --> 00:07:55,398 If you want freedom, you've got to do without them. 141 00:07:55,411 --> 00:07:58,063 There may be some inconveniences 142 00:07:58,079 --> 00:08:01,324 you have to suffer for your freedom's sake. 143 00:08:01,354 --> 00:08:05,851 Then, many websites send non‑free programs, 144 00:08:05,861 --> 00:08:09,174 written in JavaScript, to the user's browser. 145 00:08:09,191 --> 00:08:11,422 If you don't want to run non‑free programs, 146 00:08:11,438 --> 00:08:13,878 you should install LibreJS 147 00:08:13,900 --> 00:08:17,571 which blocks, keeps out, non‑free JavaScript. 148 00:08:17,595 --> 00:08:21,902 Sometimes, servers will offer to do your computing. 149 00:08:21,916 --> 00:08:24,254 They say, "Send us all your data." 150 00:08:24,269 --> 00:08:26,099 Obviously, for suckers. 151 00:08:26,129 --> 00:08:30,211 Then the server does the computing, and sends you back the results. 152 00:08:30,225 --> 00:08:32,866 But you're not supposed to think about what's happening, 153 00:08:32,895 --> 00:08:37,537 because it's a "cloud", and you don't see what's going on. 154 00:08:37,554 --> 00:08:39,188 Well, you should look. 155 00:08:39,198 --> 00:08:42,486 It's service as a software substitute, 156 00:08:42,510 --> 00:08:47,303 and it takes away control of your computing. 157 00:08:47,331 --> 00:08:50,037 A large fraction of the world's web servers 158 00:08:50,079 --> 00:08:53,139 are running GNU/Linux and other free software. 159 00:08:53,145 --> 00:08:56,984 But I think the most important computers to put freedom in 160 00:08:57,012 --> 00:09:00,768 are your computers, not companies' web servers. 161 00:09:00,792 --> 00:09:02,612 They deserve freedom, also. 162 00:09:02,620 --> 00:09:05,943 But above all, it's people that deserve freedom. 163 00:09:05,957 --> 00:09:08,879 So we need to advance, 164 00:09:08,879 --> 00:09:12,294 and to do that, we have to cross obstacles. 165 00:09:12,325 --> 00:09:14,547 One of them is there are big companies 166 00:09:14,550 --> 00:09:17,641 that make a lot of money by having control over users. 167 00:09:17,663 --> 00:09:19,875 They don't want to let us advance. 168 00:09:19,890 --> 00:09:22,850 We have to overcome their opposition. 169 00:09:22,880 --> 00:09:27,280 Another is that the mainstream media don't talk about free software. 170 00:09:27,295 --> 00:09:32,359 They have a term that they use to bury these ethical issues. 171 00:09:32,386 --> 00:09:35,238 They say "open source" instead. 172 00:09:35,266 --> 00:09:39,459 Now, it talks about more or less the same programs, 173 00:09:39,477 --> 00:09:41,396 but with different ideas. 174 00:09:41,415 --> 00:09:43,655 Where free software activists say, 175 00:09:43,668 --> 00:09:45,587 "This is a matter of right and wrong. 176 00:09:45,601 --> 00:09:47,857 Users deserve freedom. We demand freedom." 177 00:09:47,873 --> 00:09:50,757 The people who say open source, they don't want to say that. 178 00:09:50,776 --> 00:09:52,176 Instead, they say, 179 00:09:52,190 --> 00:09:55,778 "Let the users change the software and redistribute it, 180 00:09:55,842 --> 00:09:57,629 and they'll make the code better. 181 00:09:57,650 --> 00:09:59,161 They'll fix some bugs." 182 00:09:59,170 --> 00:10:01,427 It may be true, but it's a less important issue. 183 00:10:01,438 --> 00:10:04,709 If we want to keep our freedom, we've got to talk about freedom. 184 00:10:04,725 --> 00:10:08,327 So say, "free software," and you're helping us every time. 185 00:10:08,360 --> 00:10:12,688 Another obstacle is that lots of schools teach non‑free software, 186 00:10:12,700 --> 00:10:16,242 which is basically like teaching the kids to smoke tobacco. 187 00:10:16,251 --> 00:10:18,226 It's implanting dependence, 188 00:10:18,241 --> 00:10:20,560 which is the opposite of what schools should do. 189 00:10:20,567 --> 00:10:24,571 A school should prepare citizens to live 190 00:10:24,583 --> 00:10:30,903 in a strong, capable, independent, cooperating and free society, 191 00:10:30,914 --> 00:10:34,553 which means, teaching free software in the school. 192 00:10:34,573 --> 00:10:37,466 But there's another reason to do that for education. 193 00:10:37,483 --> 00:10:40,776 Some kids want to become programmers, they're curious. 194 00:10:40,779 --> 00:10:42,662 They want to know how the programs work. 195 00:10:42,671 --> 00:10:45,671 While the one who's studying a free software can understand it, 196 00:10:45,696 --> 00:10:49,432 the one who's studying a non‑free program can't learn anything, 197 00:10:49,440 --> 00:10:53,194 because the knowledge in the non‑free program 198 00:10:53,226 --> 00:10:56,493 is withheld, denied to the students. 199 00:10:56,513 --> 00:10:58,827 So to uphold the spirit of education, 200 00:10:58,840 --> 00:11:01,385 the school should make sure its programs are free. 201 00:11:01,398 --> 00:11:04,284 But there's an even more important reason: 202 00:11:04,300 --> 00:11:07,170 Schools should teach the spirit of goodwill, 203 00:11:07,187 --> 00:11:09,329 the habit of helping other people. 204 00:11:09,339 --> 00:11:11,120 The class should say, 205 00:11:11,138 --> 00:11:13,443 "If you bring a program to class, 206 00:11:13,455 --> 00:11:15,838 just as if you bring cookies to class, 207 00:11:15,853 --> 00:11:17,873 you've got to share it with everyone else. 208 00:11:17,886 --> 00:11:19,563 You can't keep it to yourself. 209 00:11:19,576 --> 00:11:23,689 You've got to share the source code, so other people can learn. 210 00:11:23,712 --> 00:11:27,090 So don't bring any proprietary software to this class." 211 00:11:27,100 --> 00:11:31,899 The school has to set a good example by following its own rule: 212 00:11:31,905 --> 00:11:34,562 You should bring only free software to class, 213 00:11:34,603 --> 00:11:39,291 except as a reverse engineering exercise. 214 00:11:39,314 --> 00:11:41,924 Another obstacle is there's hardware 215 00:11:41,944 --> 00:11:44,681 we don't know how to write free software for, 216 00:11:44,707 --> 00:11:47,467 because they won't tell us how to use the hardware. 217 00:11:47,487 --> 00:11:50,202 That's shocking. They want to sell you the product, 218 00:11:50,215 --> 00:11:52,295 and they won't tell you how to use it. 219 00:11:52,307 --> 00:11:55,781 They say, "Here's a non‑free program you can use. 220 00:11:55,793 --> 00:11:59,248 Run it, and shut up. Don't bother us." 221 00:11:59,302 --> 00:12:03,905 How do we find out how to run that hardware with reverse engineering? 222 00:12:03,918 --> 00:12:08,559 You've got to study all those 0's and 1's to figure out what they really do, 223 00:12:08,589 --> 00:12:11,390 and write down how to use that hardware, 224 00:12:11,410 --> 00:12:14,379 so someone else can write the free program to do it. 225 00:12:14,390 --> 00:12:16,693 It's hard work, but it can be done -- 226 00:12:16,708 --> 00:12:19,282 if you want to make a big technical contribution, 227 00:12:19,301 --> 00:12:21,247 that's what you should do. 228 00:12:21,275 --> 00:12:24,659 Each new area, activity of life, 229 00:12:24,696 --> 00:12:28,867 can bring with it new human rights that are necessary. 230 00:12:28,885 --> 00:12:31,302 The human rights depend on each other. 231 00:12:31,316 --> 00:12:32,769 If you lose one, 232 00:12:32,780 --> 00:12:35,550 it becomes harder to maintain the others. 233 00:12:35,571 --> 00:12:39,773 So, nowadays, computing is so important in society 234 00:12:39,794 --> 00:12:44,059 that the freedoms of free software are among the human rights 235 00:12:44,075 --> 00:12:47,177 that society must establish and protect. 236 00:12:47,178 --> 00:12:49,637 Thus, how to help? 237 00:12:49,656 --> 00:12:51,677 You can write free software. 238 00:12:51,692 --> 00:12:54,469 You can organize groups to campaign, 239 00:12:54,478 --> 00:12:58,157 and persuade schools and governments to move to free software. 240 00:12:58,175 --> 00:13:01,798 You can help other people when they have trouble using free software, 241 00:13:01,815 --> 00:13:03,687 or help them install it. 242 00:13:03,696 --> 00:13:08,375 You can say, "free software," and spread the philosophical ideas. 243 00:13:08,399 --> 00:13:13,279 Moving to free software is the first step in the liberation of cyberspace, 244 00:13:13,294 --> 00:13:15,408 but of course, we also use the Internet. 245 00:13:15,421 --> 00:13:17,031 We need other freedoms there, 246 00:13:17,060 --> 00:13:20,729 like network neutrality, and putting an end 247 00:13:20,751 --> 00:13:24,478 to surveillance of people in general. 248 00:13:24,839 --> 00:13:27,295 (Applause)
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