Richard Stallman charla SL

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Vídeo original

http://audio-video.gnu.org/video/TEDxGE2014_Stallman05_LQ.webm

Original (English)

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Free software is the first battle

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in the liberation of cyberspace.

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Who controls your computer?

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Is it you or is it some big company
that's really controlling it?

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What is a computer?

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A computer is a universal machine.

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It will do any computation you want it to

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because you give it a program that says

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what the computation is that you want.

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The computer only knows
how to get out an instruction and do it,

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and get out another
instruction and do it.

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The program has the instructions,
it says what to do.

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By writing the right program,
you can make it do anything.

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Well, almost anything.

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Who gives the instructions
to your computer?

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You might think it's
obeying your instructions

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when really it's obeying
somebody else first,

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and you only as much as
that company will let it listen to you.

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With software,
there are two possibilities:

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Either the users control the program,
or the program controls the users.

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It's inevitably one or the other.

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In order for the users
to control the program,

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they need the four essential freedoms.

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That's the definition of free software.

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Free software respects
the user's freedom and community.

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Now, we often call it "Libre"
using the French or Spanish word.

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Pronounce it as you like,
the point is that's what we mean.

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We don't mean it's gratis,
we're not talking about price.

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We're concerned with your freedom,

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and we sometimes say
"Free/Libre" to show that.

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Freedom zero is the freedom
to run the program

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as you wish for whatever purpose.

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Freedom one is the freedom to study
the source code of the program

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and change it, so it does
the computing you want it to do.

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But what is the source code?

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Every program typically
will have two forms.

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There's the form that you can read,
and you can understand

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if you know the programming language.

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That's the source.

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That's what programmers write and change.

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Then, there's the executable,
which is a bunch of numbers

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which even a programmer can't figure out.

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If all you get is the executable,

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it's a horrible pain in the neck
to the figure out what it does,

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and even harder to change it.

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So, to give you the real possibility
to study and change it,

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they've got to give you the source code.

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That's a requirement.

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With those two freedoms,

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each user separately can make a copy

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and start changing it
and make it do what she wants.

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That's individual control.

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But what if you're not a programmer?

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You look at the source code,
and you don't understand it.

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Individual control isn't enough.

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We also need collective control,

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which means any group of users
are free to work together

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to adapt the program to what they want.

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Of course, in the group,
some of them are programmers.

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They're the ones who
actually write the changes,

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but they're doing it as part of the group

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for what the group wants.

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Of course, the group
doesn't have to be everybody.

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Others can use it some other way.

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They're all free to do that.

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Collective control requires
two more essential freedoms.

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Freedom two is the freedom
to redistribute exact copies,

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to make the copies and then give them away

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or sell them when you wish.

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Freedom three is similar,

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but it's for your modified versions.

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You're free to make copies, and then
give them or sell them when you wish.

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If you do have these freedoms,
then it's free software,

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the users control the program.

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But if any of those freedoms is missing,

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then the users don't control the program.

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Instead, the program controls the users
and the developer controls the program.

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So, that means this program
is an instrument of unjust power

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for its developer over the users.

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That means the users don't have freedom,

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that's non‑free, proprietary software
which we've got to get rid of.

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When you've got proprietary software,
what happens?

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Sometimes, the program snoops on the user.

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Sometimes, it tracks the user.

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Sometimes, it restricts the user,

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and stops users from doing
what they want to do.

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You can see that the blue ray
is your enemy.

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[Laughter]

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Sometimes, the software
remotely deletes books

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as Amazon did with "Nineteen Eighty-Four".

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Sometimes, the developer compels users

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to install a harmful upgrade,

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by threatening to take away
other functionality

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if it's not installed, as Sony did.

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Sometimes, they can even forcibly change
the software at a distance

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as Microsoft can with Windows
through the universal back door.

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Sometimes, they even sabotage users,

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as Microsoft does when it tells
the NSA about bugs in Windows,

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so it can use them
to attack people's computers.

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What you get is basically,
with proprietary software,

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the owner has power over the users,

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and takes advantage of this power,

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putting in those various
malicious functionalities

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to hurt the users.

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Of course, they don't do this
because they're sadists;

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they're doing it just
for money, for greed.

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They have various ways
that they can profit

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from having this power over users,

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which does not make it
even the tiniest bit less evil.

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But they have no shame about it.

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They have conferences where
they talk about the latest ways

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they can take advantage of users
through the power they have.

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Basically, proprietary software,

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which is now for almost all of the users
of proprietary software,

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they're using proprietary malware.

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It's "software for suckers".

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How do you stop being the victim?

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Formerly, you had to stop using computers,
but not anymore.

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Now, you can come join us
in the free world that we've built.

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In 1983, I announced I would develop

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a completely free software
operating system called GNU.

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In 1992, we had it almost finished,

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but one piece was missing, the kernel.

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Linus Torvalds, in that year,
freed his kernel, Linux,

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which filled the last gap,
and gave us

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the first complete system
you could run on a PC: GNU/Linux.

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Unfortunately, having freedom at one point
doesn't guarantee you'll keep it.

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There are over a thousand
different variants of GNU/Linux.

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They're called distributions.

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A few of them are entirely free software;

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most of them have non‑free software added,

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because they're maintained by people
who aren't concerned about freedom.

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They'd rather add convenience --
but at the cost of freedom.

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So you have to check
which is a free distro.

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To keep your freedom,
sometimes requires a sacrifice,

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sometimes a big sacrifice,
as at Lexington.

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But in our campaign,
they tend to be little sacrifices.

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Anybody with a little bit of maturity
can make these sacrifices.

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For instance, you want applications,
but some of them are non‑free.

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If you want freedom,
you've got to do without them.

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There may be some inconveniences

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you have to suffer
for your freedom's sake.

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Then, many websites
send non‑free programs,

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written in JavaScript,
to the user's browser.

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If you don't want
to run non‑free programs,

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you should install LibreJS

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which blocks, keeps out,
non‑free JavaScript.

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Sometimes, servers will offer
to do your computing.

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They say, "Send us all your data."

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Obviously, for suckers.

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Then the server does the computing,
and sends you back the results.

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But you're not supposed
to think about what's happening,

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because it's a "cloud",
and you don't see what's going on.

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Well, you should look.

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It's service as a software substitute,

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and it takes away control
of your computing.

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A large fraction of
the world's web servers

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are running GNU/Linux
and other free software.

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But I think the most important
computers to put freedom in

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are your computers,
not companies' web servers.

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They deserve freedom, also.

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But above all, it's people
that deserve freedom.

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So we need to advance,

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and to do that,
we have to cross obstacles.

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One of them is there are big companies

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that make a lot of money
by having control over users.

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They don't want to let us advance.

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We have to overcome their opposition.

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Another is that the mainstream media
don't talk about free software.

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They have a term that they use
to bury these ethical issues.

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They say "open source" instead.

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Now, it talks about more
or less the same programs,

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but with different ideas.

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Where free software activists say,

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"This is a matter of right and wrong.

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Users deserve freedom.
We demand freedom."

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The people who say open source,
they don't want to say that.

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Instead, they say,

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"Let the users change
the software and redistribute it,

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and they'll make the code better.

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They'll fix some bugs."

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It may be true, but it's
a less important issue.

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If we want to keep our freedom,
we've got to talk about freedom.

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So say, "free software,"
and you're helping us every time.

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Another obstacle is that lots
of schools teach non‑free software,

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which is basically like teaching
the kids to smoke tobacco.

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It's implanting dependence,

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which is the opposite
of what schools should do.

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A school should prepare citizens to live

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in a strong, capable, independent,
cooperating and free society,

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which means, teaching
free software in the school.

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But there's another reason
to do that for education.

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Some kids want to become programmers,
they're curious.

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They want to know how the programs work.

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While the one who's studying
a free software can understand it,

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the one who's studying a non‑free
program can't learn anything,

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because the knowledge
in the non‑free program

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is withheld, denied to the students.

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So to uphold the spirit of education,

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the school should make sure
its programs are free.

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But there's an even
more important reason:

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Schools should teach
the spirit of goodwill,

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the habit of helping other people.

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The class should say,

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"If you bring a program to class,

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just as if you bring cookies to class,

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you've got to share it with everyone else.

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You can't keep it to yourself.

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You've got to share the source code,
so other people can learn.

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So don't bring any proprietary software
to this class."

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The school has to set a good example
by following its own rule:

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You should bring only
free software to class,

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except as a reverse engineering exercise.

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Another obstacle is there's hardware

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we don't know how
to write free software for,

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because they won't tell us
how to use the hardware.

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That's shocking.
They want to sell you the product,

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and they won't tell you how to use it.

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They say, "Here's a
non‑free program you can use.

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Run it, and shut up.
Don't bother us."

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How do we find out how to run
that hardware with reverse engineering?

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You've got to study all those 0's and 1's
to figure out what they really do,

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and write down how to use that hardware,

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so someone else can write
the free program to do it.

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It's hard work, but it can be done --

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if you want to make
a big technical contribution,

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that's what you should do.

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Each new area, activity of life,

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can bring with it new human rights
that are necessary.

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The human rights depend on each other.

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If you lose one,

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it becomes harder
to maintain the others.

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So, nowadays, computing is
so important in society

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that the freedoms of free software
are among the human rights

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that society must establish and protect.

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Thus, how to help?

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You can write free software.

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You can organize groups to campaign,

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and persuade schools and governments
to move to free software.

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You can help other people when
they have trouble using free software,

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or help them install it.

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00:13:03,696 --> 00:13:08,375
You can say, "free software,"
and spread the philosophical ideas.

243
00:13:08,399 --> 00:13:13,279
Moving to free software is the first step
in the liberation of cyberspace,

244
00:13:13,294 --> 00:13:15,408
but of course, we also use the Internet.

245
00:13:15,421 --> 00:13:17,031
We need other freedoms there,

246
00:13:17,060 --> 00:13:20,729
like network neutrality,
and putting an end

247
00:13:20,751 --> 00:13:24,478
to surveillance of people in general.

248
00:13:24,839 --> 00:13:27,295
(Applause)

Traducción Español

En este link:

• https://goblinrefuge.com/mediagoblin/u/strysg/m/software-libre-rms-subtitulos-espanol/

Están los subtítulos añadidos al video permanentemente.

0
00:00:01,153 --> 00:00:9,233
Software libre para una sociedad libre
 - Richard Stallman -

1
00:00:11,123 --> 00:00:15,141
El software libre es la primera batalla

2
00:00:15,141 --> 00:00:18,162
en la liberación del ciberespacio.

3
00:00:18,163 --> 00:00:20,223
¿Quién controla tu computadora?

4
00:00:20,245 --> 00:00:25,678
¿Tú? ó en realidad ¿la esta controlando una empresa muy grande?

5
00:00:25,774 --> 00:00:27,786
¿Qué es una computadora?

6
00:00:27,790 --> 00:00:31,858
Una computadora es una máquina universal.

7
00:00:31,873 --> 00:00:35,125
Hará cualquier cómputo que tú quieras que haga

8
00:00:35,125 --> 00:00:37,405
Por que le das un programa que dice

9
00:00:37,439 --> 00:00:40,167
que es lo que tiene que computar

10
00:00:40,179 --> 00:00:43,982
La computadora sólo sabe
como leer una instrucción y ejecutarla

11
00:00:43,998 --> 00:00:46,358
leer otra
instrucción y ejecutarla.

12
00:00:46,358 --> 00:00:50,557
El programa tiene instrucciones,
estas dicen que hacer.

13
00:00:50,612 --> 00:00:55,252
Escribiendo el programa adecuado,
puedes hacer que haga cualquier cosa.

14
00:00:55,252 --> 00:00:57,665
Bueno, casi cualquier cosa.

15
00:00:57,670 --> 00:01:00,698
¿Quién le da instrucciones
a tu computadora?

16
00:01:00,728 --> 00:01:04,327
Puedes creer que esta
obedeciendo tus instrucciones

17
00:01:04,355 --> 00:01:07,495
cuando realmente esta obedeciendo
a alguien más primero.

18
00:01:07,552 --> 00:01:13,953
Solo te escuchará a ti,
lo que esa empresa lo permita.

19
00:01:13,992 --> 00:01:16,049
Con el software,
hay dos posibilidades:

20
00:01:16,093 --> 00:01:21,491
O los usuarios controlan el programa,
o el programa controla a los usuarios.

21
00:01:21,492 --> 00:01:23,842
Es uno o el otro inevitablemente.

22
00:01:23,893 --> 00:01:27,092
Para que los usuarios
controlen el programa,

23
00:01:27,133 --> 00:01:30,920
necesitan cuatro libertades esenciales

24
00:01:30,920 --> 00:01:34,404
Esa es la definición del software libre.

25
00:01:34,435 --> 00:01:38,355
El software libre respeta
las libertades del usuario y de la comunidad.

26
00:01:38,367 --> 00:01:42,394
A menudo lo llamamos "Libre"
usando la palabra francesa o española.

27
00:01:42,408 --> 00:01:45,716
Pronúnciala como quieras, 
el punto que eso es a lo que nos referimos.

28
00:01:45,734 --> 00:01:48,798
No nos referimos a que es gratis,
no estamos hablando del precio. 

29
00:01:48,799 --> 00:01:51,038
Estamos pendientes de tu libertad.

30
00:01:51,045 --> 00:01:55,554
y decimos algunas veces,
"Free/Libre" para mostrarlo.

31
00:01:55,575 --> 00:01:58,476
La libertad cero es la libertad
para ejecutar el programa

32
00:01:58,500 --> 00:02:01,239
como quieras y para cualquier propósito.

33
00:02:01,239 --> 00:02:05,357
La libertad uno es la libertad para estudiar
el código fuente del programa

34
00:02:05,377 --> 00:02:09,717
y cambiarlo, así este hace
el computo que tu quieras.

35
00:02:09,738 --> 00:02:11,449
¿Pero qué es el código fuente?

36
00:02:11,465 --> 00:02:14,576
Todo programa típicamente
tendrá dos formas.

37
00:02:14,639 --> 00:02:18,390
Está la forma en la que puedes leerlo,
y  entenderlo

38
00:02:18,406 --> 00:02:20,485
si sabes el lenguaje de programación.

39
00:02:20,527 --> 00:02:21,929
Eso es el código fuente.

40
00:02:21,949 --> 00:02:24,321
Eso es lo que los programadores escriben y cambian.

41
00:02:24,342 --> 00:02:27,222
Y está el ejecutable,
que es un montón de números

42
00:02:27,222 --> 00:02:29,583
que ni siquiera un programador puede entender.

43
00:02:29,602 --> 00:02:31,583
Si sólo tienes el ejecutable, 

44
00:02:31,594 --> 00:02:34,982
es un horrible trabajo
darse cuenta que es lo que hace,

45
00:02:34,995 --> 00:02:36,866
y es aún más difícil de cambiar.

46
00:02:36,879 --> 00:02:41,069
Entonces, para darte la posibilidad real
para estudiarlo y cambiarlo,

47
00:02:41,069 --> 00:02:42,941
deben darte el código fuente.

48
00:02:42,958 --> 00:02:44,621
Eso es un requisito.

49
00:02:44,629 --> 00:02:47,453
Con esas dos libertades,

50
00:02:47,464 --> 00:02:50,301
cada usuario puede hacer una copia

51
00:02:50,321 --> 00:02:54,091
empezar a cambiarlo
y hacer que haga lo que quiera.

52
00:02:54,105 --> 00:02:56,746
Eso es control individual.

53
00:02:56,754 --> 00:02:58,914
Pero, ¿Si no eres un programador?

54
00:02:58,922 --> 00:03:01,703
Ves el código fuente,
y no lo entiendes.

55
00:03:01,743 --> 00:03:04,783
El control individual no es suficiente,

56
00:03:04,795 --> 00:03:06,962
También necesitamos control colectivo,

57
00:03:06,975 --> 00:03:10,363
eso significa que cualquier grupo de usuarios
es libre de trabajar juntos

58
00:03:10,373 --> 00:03:12,914
para adaptar el programa a lo que quieran.

59
00:03:12,929 --> 00:03:16,026
Por supuesto, en el grupo,
algunos son programadores.

60
00:03:16,049 --> 00:03:18,721
Ellos son los que 
escriben los cambios.

61
00:03:18,722 --> 00:03:20,839
Pero lo están haciendo como parte del grupo

62
00:03:20,859 --> 00:03:22,608
para lo que quiera el grupo.

63
00:03:22,622 --> 00:03:25,388
Por supuesto, el grupo
no tiene que estar compuesto por todos.

64
00:03:25,409 --> 00:03:27,586
Otros pueden usarlo en algún otro modo.

65
00:03:27,587 --> 00:03:30,131
Todos son libres de hacerlo,

66
00:03:30,141 --> 00:03:33,501
El control colectivo requiere
dos libertades esenciales más.

67
00:03:33,505 --> 00:03:36,976
La libertad dos es la libertad
para redistribuir copias exactas,

68
00:03:36,976 --> 00:03:38,927
para hacer copias y distribuirlas.

69
00:03:38,946 --> 00:03:41,026
o venderlas cuando quieras.

70
00:03:41,059 --> 00:03:43,012
La libertad tres es similar,

71
00:03:43,035 --> 00:03:45,276
pero es para tus versiones modificadas.

72
00:03:45,300 --> 00:03:49,172
Eres libre de hacer copias, y así
distribuirlas o venderlas cuando quieras.

73
00:03:49,240 --> 00:03:52,202
Si tienes esas libertades,
entonces eso es software libre,

74
00:03:52,216 --> 00:03:54,093
el usuario controla el programa.

75
00:03:54,130 --> 00:03:56,785
Pero si falta cualquiera de esas libertades,

76
00:03:56,819 --> 00:03:59,537
los usuarios no controlan el programa.

77
00:03:59,538 --> 00:04:05,580
El programa controla a los usuarios
y el desarrollador controla el programa.

78
00:04:05,594 --> 00:04:10,632
Eso significa, que ese programa
es un instrumento de poder injusto

79
00:04:10,680 --> 00:04:14,539
del desarrollador sobre los usuarios.

80
00:04:14,563 --> 00:04:17,500
Eso significa que los usuarios no tienen libertad.

81
00:04:17,560 --> 00:04:21,797
eso es un programa privativo o no-libre
del cual tenemos que deshacernos.

82
00:04:21,826 --> 00:04:25,262

¿Qué pasa cuando tienes
un programa privativo?

83
00:04:25,274 --> 00:04:29,102
A veces, el programa fisgonea al usuario.

84
00:04:29,154 --> 00:04:32,219
A veces, rastrea al usuario.

85
00:04:32,282 --> 00:04:35,235
A veces, restringe al usuario,

86
00:04:35,261 --> 00:04:38,178
e impide a los usuarios hacer algo
que quieren hacer.

87
00:04:38,194 --> 00:04:41,297
Puedes ver que el blue ray
es tu enemigo.

88
00:04:41,315 --> 00:04:42,347
[Risas]

89
00:04:42,365 --> 00:04:45,994
Algunas veces, el programa
borra libros remotamente

90
00:04:46,027 --> 00:04:49,115
como lo hizo Amazon con "Nineteen Eighty-Four".

91
00:04:49,139 --> 00:04:54,764
A veces, el desarrollador obliga a los usuarios

92
00:04:54,848 --> 00:04:58,405
a instalar una mejora dañina,

93
00:04:58,421 --> 00:05:01,529
amenazando con quitar
otra funcionalidad

94
00:05:01,555 --> 00:05:04,668
si no es instalada, como Sony lo hizo.

95
00:05:04,690 --> 00:05:09,443
A veces, pueden incluso forzar el cambio
del software a distancia. 

96
00:05:09,445 --> 00:05:14,631
como puede Microsoft con Windows
a través de la puerta trasera universal. 

97
00:05:14,678 --> 00:05:18,175
Algunas veces, incluso sabotean usuarios,

98
00:05:18,216 --> 00:05:23,370
como lo hace Microsoft cuando informa
a la NSA acerca de bugs en Windows,

99
00:05:23,394 --> 00:05:26,673
entonces puede usarlos
para atacar a las computadoras de la gente.

100
00:05:26,691 --> 00:05:30,751
Lo que básicamente obtienes,
con software privativo,

101
00:05:30,771 --> 00:05:33,795
el dueño tiene el poder sobre los usuarios,

102
00:05:33,807 --> 00:05:36,034
y se aprovecha de ese poder,

103
00:05:36,060 --> 00:05:39,906
poniendo variadas
funcionalidades malévolas

104
00:05:39,915 --> 00:05:41,937
Para dañar a los usuarios,

105
00:05:41,951 --> 00:05:44,916
Claro, no hacen esto
por que sean sádicos;

106
00:05:44,940 --> 00:05:47,719
lo están haciendo sólo
por dinero, por riqueza material.

107
00:05:47,738 --> 00:05:51,111
Tienen varias formas
con las que pueden lucrar

108
00:05:51,132 --> 00:05:53,759
al tener este poder sobre los usuarios

109
00:05:53,794 --> 00:05:58,355
lo que no lo hace 
ni siquiera un poco menos malo.

110
00:05:58,375 --> 00:06:00,253
Pero no tiene vergüenza de ello.

111
00:06:00,260 --> 00:06:04,010
Ellos tienen conferencias donde
hablan de las últimas formas

112
00:06:04,031 --> 00:06:08,374
que tiene para aprovecharse de los usuarios
a través del poder que tienen.

113
00:06:08,397 --> 00:06:11,077
Básicamente, el software privativo,

114
00:06:11,104 --> 00:06:15,823
que ahora es para casi todos los usuarios
de software privativo,

115
00:06:15,841 --> 00:06:18,595
están usando maleware privativo

116
00:06:18,613 --> 00:06:21,020
Es “software para bobos”.

117
00:06:21,048 --> 00:06:24,812
¿Cómo puedes dejar de ser la víctima?

118
00:06:24,859 --> 00:06:28,931
Antes, tenías que dejar de usar computadoras,
ahora eso no es necesario.

119
00:06:28,948 --> 00:06:34,265
Ahora, puedes unirte a nosotros
en el mundo libre que hemos construido.

120
00:06:34,290 --> 00:06:38,120
En 1983, anuncié que desarrollaría

121
00:06:38,172 --> 00:06:41,821
Un sistema operativo completamente
software libre llamado GNU

122
00:06:41,838 --> 00:06:45,415
En 1992, casi lo teníamos terminado,

123
00:06:45,439 --> 00:06:48,179
pero faltaba una pieza, el kernel. 

124
00:06:48,200 --> 00:06:52,546
Linux Torvalds, en ese año,
liberó su kernel, Linux,

125
00:06:52,580 --> 00:06:55,188
Lo que llenó el último hueco,
y nos dio

126
00:06:55,195 --> 00:07:00,045
el primer sistema completo
que podías ejecutar en una PC: GNU/Linux.

127
00:07:00,079 --> 00:07:07,403
Desafortunadamente, tener libertad en 
un punto no garantiza que la mantendrás.

128
00:07:07,415 --> 00:07:11,408
hay más de mil
diferentes variantes de GNU/Linux.

129
00:07:11,430 --> 00:07:13,418
Estas son llamadas distribuciones.

130
00:07:13,439 --> 00:07:16,279
Algunas de ellas son enteramente software libre;

131
00:07:16,279 --> 00:07:18,959
La mayoría de ellas tienen añadidos programas no-libres,

132
00:07:18,959 --> 00:07:22,584
porque son mantenidas por personas
quienes no están preocupadas por la libertad.

133
00:07:22,600 --> 00:07:26,860
Ellos prefieren agregar conveniencia --
a costa de la libertad.

134
00:07:26,879 --> 00:07:30,969
Entonces usted debe comprobar
cual es una distro libre.

135
00:07:30,984 --> 00:07:33,753
Mantener tu libertad,
a veces requiere un sacrificio,

136
00:07:33,762 --> 00:07:37,728
a veces un gran sacrificio,
como en Lexington.

137
00:07:37,760 --> 00:07:43,959
Pero en nuestra campaña
tienden a ser sacrificios pequeños.

138
00:07:43,977 --> 00:07:48,337
Cualquiera con un poco de madurez
puede hacer estos sacrificios.

139
00:07:48,364 --> 00:07:52,681
Por ejemplo, quieres aplicaciones,
pero algunas de ellas son no-libres.

140
00:07:52,699 --> 00:07:55,398
Si quieres libertad.
Tienes que hacerlo sin ellas.

141
00:07:55,411 --> 00:07:58,063
Podrían haber inconvenientes.

142
00:07:58,079 --> 00:08:01,324
tienes que sufrirlos
por el bien de tu libertad.

143
00:08:01,354 --> 00:08:05,851
Muchos sitios web
envían programas no-libres,

144
00:08:05,861 --> 00:08:09,174
escritos en JavaScript,
al navegador del usuario.

145
00:08:09,191 --> 00:08:11,422
Si no quieres ejecutar
estos programas no-libres,

146
00:08:11,438 --> 00:08:13,878
deberías instalar LibreJS

147
00:08:13,900 --> 00:08:17,571
que bloquea, 
JavaScript no-libre.

148
00:08:17,595 --> 00:08:21,902
A veces, los servidores ofrecerán
hacer tu informática.

149
00:08:21,916 --> 00:08:24,254
Dicen, “Envíanos todos tus datos.”

150
00:08:24,269 --> 00:08:26,099
Obviamente, para tontos.

151
00:08:26,129 --> 00:08:30,211
El servidor hace tu informática
y te envía los resultados.

152
00:08:30,225 --> 00:08:32,866
Pero no se supone que tu
pienses en que está pasando,

153
00:08:32,895 --> 00:08:37,537
por que es “cloud”,
y no ves lo que está pasando.

154
00:08:37,554 --> 00:08:39,188
Deberías tener cuidado.

155
00:08:39,198 --> 00:08:42,486
Es un servicio como substituto de
software,

156
00:08:42,510 --> 00:08:47,303
y te quita el control
de tu informática.

157
00:08:47,331 --> 00:08:50,037
Una gran porción de los
servidores web de mundo.

158
00:08:50,079 --> 00:08:53,139
están corriendo GNU/Linux
y otro software libre.

159
00:08:53,145 --> 00:08:56,984
Pero creo que las computadoras
más importantes para ponerles libertad

160
00:08:57,012 --> 00:09:00,768
son sus computadoras,
no los servidores web de las empresas.

161
00:09:00,792 --> 00:09:02,612
También merecen libertad.

162
00:09:02,620 --> 00:09:05,943
Pero sobre todo, la gente
necesita libertad.

163
00:09:05,957 --> 00:09:08,879
Por eso necesitamos libertad,

164
00:09:08,879 --> 00:09:12,294
y para hacerlo,
tenemos que cruzar obstáculos.

165
00:09:12,325 --> 00:09:14,547
Una de ellas son las grandes empresas

166
00:09:14,550 --> 00:09:17,641
que ganan mucho dinero
teniendo control sobre los usuarios.

167
00:09:17,663 --> 00:09:19,875
Ellas no quieren dejarnos avanzar.

168
00:09:19,890 --> 00:09:22,850
Tenemos que superar su oposición.

169
00:09:22,880 --> 00:09:27,280
Otra son los principales medios comunicación
que no hablan de software libre.

170
00:09:27,295 --> 00:09:32,359
Ellos tienen un término
para sepultar estos asuntos éticos.

171
00:09:32,386 --> 00:09:35,238
Dicen “código abierto”.

172
00:09:35,266 --> 00:09:39,459
Esto habla más o menos
de los mismos programas,

173
00:09:39,477 --> 00:09:41,396
pero con ideas diferentes.

174
00:09:41,415 --> 00:09:43,655
Los activistas del sofware libre dicen,

175
00:09:43,668 --> 00:09:45,587
“Es un asunto de correcto e incorrecto.

176
00:09:45,601 --> 00:09:47,857
Los usuarios merecen libertad.
Exigimos libertad.”

177
00:09:47,873 --> 00:09:50,757
La gente que dice código abierto,
no quiere decir eso.

178
00:09:50,776 --> 00:09:52,176
En vez de eso, dicen,

179
00:09:52,190 --> 00:09:55,778
“Dejen que los usuarios lo
cambien y lo redistribuyan, 

180
00:09:55,842 --> 00:09:57,629
y ellos harán el código mejor.

181
00:09:57,650 --> 00:09:59,161
Ellos arreglarán algunos bugs.”

182
00:09:59,170 --> 00:10:01,427
Puede ser cierto, pero eso es
un asunto menos importante.

183
00:10:01,438 --> 00:10:04,709
Si queremos mantener nuestra libertad,
tenemos que hablar de libertad.

184
00:10:04,725 --> 00:10:08,327
Entonces di, “software libre”,
y nos estarás ayudando.

185
00:10:08,360 --> 00:10:12,688
Otro obstáculo es que muchas
escuelas enseñan software no-libre,

186
00:10:12,700 --> 00:10:16,242
que es básicamente como enseñar
a los niños a fumar tabaco.

187
00:10:16,251 --> 00:10:18,226
Esto es implantar dependencia,

188
00:10:18,241 --> 00:10:20,560
Que es lo opuesto a
lo que las escuelas deberían hacer.

189
00:10:20,567 --> 00:10:24,571
Una escuela debería preparar ciudadanos
para vivir

190
00:10:24,583 --> 00:10:30,903
en una sociedad fuerte, capaz, independiente
cooperadora y libre.

191
00:10:30,914 --> 00:10:34,553
lo que significa, enseñar
software libre en la escuela.

192
00:10:34,573 --> 00:10:37,466
Pero hay otra razón
para hacer eso para la educación.

193
00:10:37,483 --> 00:10:40,776
Algunos niños quieren volverse 
programadores, son curiosos.

194
00:10:40,779 --> 00:10:42,662
Quieren saber como los programas funcionan.

195
00:10:42,671 --> 00:10:45,671
Mientras el que está estudiando
un programa libre puede entenderlo,

196
00:10:45,696 --> 00:10:49,432
el que está estudiando un programa 
no-libre no puede entender nada,

197
00:10:49,440 --> 00:10:53,194
por que el conocimiento
en un programa no-libre

198
00:10:53,226 --> 00:10:56,493
es retenido, negado a los estudiantes.

199
00:10:56,513 --> 00:10:58,827
Para mantener el espíritu de la educación,

200
00:10:58,840 --> 00:11:01,385
las escuelas deberían asegurarse
que sus programas sean libres.

201
00:11:01,398 --> 00:11:04,284
Pero hay aún una razón
más importante:

202
00:11:04,300 --> 00:11:07,170
Las escuelas deberían enseñar
el espíritu de buena voluntad,

203
00:11:07,187 --> 00:11:09,329
el hábito de ayudar a otra gente.

204
00:11:09,339 --> 00:11:11,120
La clase debería decir,

205
00:11:11,138 --> 00:11:13,443
“Si traes un programa a la clase,

206
00:11:13,455 --> 00:11:15,838
así como traes galletas a la clase,

207
00:11:15,853 --> 00:11:17,873
tienes que compartirlas con todos,

208
00:11:17,886 --> 00:11:19,563
No puedes mantenerlo para ti solo.

209
00:11:19,576 --> 00:11:23,689
Tienes que compartir el código fuente,
así otros pueden aprender.

210
00:11:23,712 --> 00:11:27,090
Entonces no traigas ningún software
privativo a la clase.”

211
00:11:27,100 --> 00:11:31,899
La escuela tiene que dar el buen ejemplo
siguiendo su propia regla:

212
00:11:31,905 --> 00:11:34,562
Debes traer sólo software
libre a la clase,

213
00:11:34,603 --> 00:11:39,291
excepto como ejercicio de 
ingeniería inversa.

214
00:11:39,314 --> 00:11:41,924
Otro obstáculo es que hay hardware

215
00:11:41,944 --> 00:11:44,681
para el cual no sabemos como
escribir software libre,

216
00:11:44,707 --> 00:11:47,467
Por que no nos dicen
como usar el hardware.

217
00:11:47,487 --> 00:11:50,202
Eso es espantoso.
Quieren venderte su producto,

218
00:11:50,215 --> 00:11:52,295
y  no te dirán como usarlo,

219
00:11:52,307 --> 00:11:55,781
Ellos dicen, “Aquí hay un programa
no-libre que puedes usar.

220
00:11:55,793 --> 00:11:59,248
Ejecútalo, y cállate.
No nos molestes.”

221
00:11:59,302 --> 00:12:03,905
¿Cómo nos damos cuenta como ejecutar
el hardware con ingeniería inversa?

222
00:12:03,918 --> 00:12:08,559
Tienes que estudiar todos esos 0s y 1s
y darte cuenta que hacen realmente,

223
00:12:08,589 --> 00:12:11,390
y escribir como usar ese hardware,

224
00:12:11,410 --> 00:12:14,379
así alguien más puede escribir
el programa libre para hacerlo.

225
00:12:14,390 --> 00:12:16,693
Es un trabajo duro, pero puede hacerse --

226
00:12:16,708 --> 00:12:19,282
Si quieres hacer una gran
contribución técnica,

227
00:12:19,301 --> 00:12:21,247
eso es lo que deberías hacer.

228
00:12:21,275 --> 00:12:24,659
Cada nueva área, 
actividad de la vida,

229
00:12:24,696 --> 00:12:28,867
puede traer con ella nuevos derechos
humanos que son necesarios.

230
00:12:28,885 --> 00:12:31,302
Los derechos humanos dependen los
unos de los otros.

231
00:12:31,316 --> 00:12:32,769
Si pierdes uno,

232
00:12:32,780 --> 00:12:35,550
Se vuelve más difícil
mantener los otros.

233
00:12:35,571 --> 00:12:39,773
En estos días, la informática
es importante en la sociedad

234
00:12:39,794 --> 00:12:44,059
que las libertades del software libre
están entre los derechos humanos

235
00:12:44,075 --> 00:12:47,177
que la sociedad debe establecer y proteger.

236
00:12:47,178 --> 00:12:49,637
Entonces, ¿Cómo ayudar?

237
00:12:49,656 --> 00:12:51,677
Puedes escribir un programa libre.

238
00:12:51,692 --> 00:12:54,469
Puedes organizar grupos para
hacer campaña,

239
00:12:54,478 --> 00:12:58,157
y persuadir a las escuelas y gobiernos
para moverse al software libre.

240
00:12:58,175 --> 00:13:01,798
Puedes ayudar a otra gente cuando
tiene problemas usando software libre,

241
00:13:01,815 --> 00:13:03,687
o ayudarles a instalarlo.

242
00:13:03,696 --> 00:13:08,375
Puedes decir, “software libre,”
y esparcir las ideas filosóficas.

243
00:13:08,399 --> 00:13:13,279
Moverse al software libre es el primer
paso en la liberación del ciberespacio,

244
00:13:13,294 --> 00:13:15,408
pero claro, usamos el internet.

245
00:13:15,421 --> 00:13:17,031
Necesitamos otras libertades allí,

246
00:13:17,060 --> 00:13:20,729
como la neutralidad de la red,
y ponerle un fin

247
00:13:20,751 --> 00:13:24,478
a la vigilancia de la gente en general.

248
00:13:24,839 --> 00:13:27,295
(Aplausos)

Ayuda (Obtener subtitulos sincronizados)

Si tienes instalado youtube-dl usa la opción

--write-sub --sub-lang en

Seguido de la URL del video (el video debe tener los subtítulos subidos por el autor primero,

Para el video anterior algo que funciona es:

youtube-dl --write-sub --sub-lang en https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ag1AKIl_2GM

Que va a descargar el archivo .srt con los subtitulos en el directorio actual.